AbOuT NOuN cLaUSe

Noun clauses perform eight main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the eight functions to fully and correctly use noun clauses in spoken and written English. The eight functions of noun clauses are:
1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Adjective phrase complement
8. Appositive

Noun clauses are defined as subordinate or dependent clauses formed by a subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. Noun clauses perform nominal functions, or functions prototypically performed by noun phrases.

1. Noun Clauses as Subjects
The first grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subjects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action of or act upon the predicate. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subjects:
- Whoever ate my lunch is in big trouble.
- That the museum cancelled the lecture disappoints me.

2. Noun Clauses as Subject Complements
The second grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a copular verb and describe the subject. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subject complements:
- The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture.
- The first place winner will be whoever swims the farthest in an hour.

3. Noun Clauses as Direct Objects
The third grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the direct object. Direct objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow and receive the action of a transitive verb. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as direct objects:
- The counselor has been wondering if she chose the right career.
- Do you know when the train should arrive?

4. Noun Clauses as Object Complements
The fourth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the object complement. Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe the direct object. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object complements:
- The committee has announced the winner whoever wrote the essay on noun clauses.
- I have often declared the problem that most students do not understand grammar.

5. Noun Clauses as Indirect Objects
The fifth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the indirect object. Indirect objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a ditransitive verb and indicate to or for whom or what is action of the verb is performed. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as indirect objects:
- The judge will give what you said some deliberation during her decision.
- The group has given that most Americans do not support their cause little consideration.

6. Noun Clauses as Prepositional Complements
The sixth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the prepositional complement. Prepositional complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow a preposition to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as prepositional complements:
- Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them.
- We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party.

7. Noun Clauses as Adjective Phrase Complements
The seventh grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as adjective phrase complements:
- The toddler was surprised that throwing a tantrum did not get him his way.
- My brother is angry that someone dented his new car.
Noun clauses most often function as adjective phrase complements when the adjective phrase is performing the function of subject complement.

8. Noun Clauses as Appositives

The eighth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the appositive. Appositives are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as appositives:
- The problem, that the storm knocked out power, is affecting the entire town.
- Your question, whether you should wear the blue dress or pink one, is frivolous in the situation.

The eight functions of noun clauses in English are subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the eight functions in order to properly and fully use the English language in both spoken and written forms.

Noun clauses are clauses that are a function as a noun. Accordance to type of original sentence, noun clause can be classified as 4 sentences are :

1. Statement
a. Conjunction word is "that"
b. Clause Function as :
1) Subject Sentence
Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subject Sentence after “it”
It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Object complementation
My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Object verb
All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Appositive
My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.

2. Question
a. Yes/No Question
1) Conjunction word is " whether (or not/or if)"
2) Clause Function as :
a) Subject sentence
- Can she drive the car? (Question)
- Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

b) Object complement
My question is whether she can drive the car.

c) Object verb
I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).

d) Object preposition
We discussed about whether she can drive the car.

b. Wh- Question
1) Conjunction word is "question its self"
2) Clause Function as :

a) Subject sentence
- What is he doing? (Question)
- What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

b) Object complement
My question is what she is doing.

c) Object verb

I really wonder what she is doing.
d) Object preposition
We discussed about what she is doing.

3. Request
1) Conjunction word is "that"
2) Clause Function as :
a) Subject sentence
- Read the book! (Request)
- He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)

4. Exclamation
1) Conjunction word is " question that use at the sentence its self "
2) Clause Function as :
a) Subject sentence
- What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
- I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)

b) Object preposition
We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.


The following word of noun clause :

1. Noun clauses that begin with a question word:
The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause:
When, where, why, how, who, whom, what, whish, whose.

Where does she study?
I can find where she studies.

What time is it?
I don’t know what time it is.

What did he say?
Do you know what he said?

The question word order (do, did, does) is not used in the noun clause.

2. Noun clauses with who what whose + BE:
Who is this boy? (Verb subject)
I know who this boy is.

Whose book is this? (Verb subject)
I don’t know whose book this is.

A noun or pronoun that follows the main verb BE in
a question comes in front of BE in a noun clause.

Who is in the car? (Verb subject)
Do you know who is in the car?

Whose book is on the table? (Verb subject)
I know whose book on the table.

3. A prepositional phrase does not come in front of BE in a noun clause.

Who comes to the party?
Tell us who comes to the party.

What happened?
Can you please tell me what happened?

When the subject of a question is the question word: who & What, usual question word order is no used. In this case the word order is the same in both the question and the noun clause.

4. Noun clauses which begin with IF or WHETHER:
Are you ready?
I don’t know if you are ready. (Object)

Did you write a letter?
Tell us if you wrote a letter.

Does she like speaking ?
I wonder if she likes speaking.

When a YES/NO question is changed to a noun clause, IF is used to introduce a clause.

"Or not" can come at the end of the noun clause.
"Or not" comes immediately after whether, but not after if.


5. Noun clauses which begin with THAT:
I think that the test was complicated.
(=Noun clause = Object of the verb think)

The word THAT introduces a noun clause. That-clauses are frequently used as the objects of verbs which express mental activity.

She hopes he can come over.
The word that is often omitted, especially in speaking.

Common verbs followed by that-Clauses Assume that - Believe that - Discover that - Dream that - Guess that - Hear that - Hope that - Know that - Learn that - Notice that - Predict that - Prove that - Realize that - Suppose that - Suspect that - Think that – Agree that - Conclude that - Decide that - Demonstrate that - Doubt that - Fear that - Feel that - Figure out that - Find out that - Forget that - Imagine that - Indicate that - Observe that - Presume that - Pretend that - Read that - Recall that - Recognize that - Regret that - Remember - Reveal that - Show that - Teach that - Understand that - …

6. Noun clauses which Substituting SO for that-clauses in conversational responses:
Is he here?
I think so. (So = that he is here)

Does she think like you?
I believe so.

Did they see you?
I hope so.

Think, believe, and hope are followed by SO in conversational English in response to a YES/NO question.

So replaces that-clause.
Are you ready?
I don’t think so. (I don’t think that I am ready)
I don’t believe so.
I hope not.

Note the negative usage of think, believe and hope.

Other expressions:
Guess so, guess not - suppose, suppose not - be afraid so, be afraid not.

7. Noun clauses which Questions words followed by infinitives :
She doesn’t know what she should do.
She doesn’t know what to do.

He told him where he could find a key.
He told him where to find a key.

Tell her how she can solve this issue.
Tell her who can solve this issue.

Questions words and whether may be followed by an infinitive.
The meaning expressed by the infinitive is either should or can/could.

Sources
Hopper, Paul J. A Short Course in Grammar. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 1999.
Huddleston, Rodney. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984.
The English Sentence. All rights reserved 2002.

EffecTivE WriTinG TiPs FoR ChiLdrEn

the children need to have special skills in writing so when the test progresses, the questions can be answered properly, so they can write more effectively. Here are tips that can be distributed to the children :

Active listening
Ask yourself, "What teachers expect from me to learn? Why? What did he say? How does that relate to the subject? Does it matter? Is it something I should be sure to remember?" Asking these questions will makes it easy to separate what is important from what is not important.

Active Observing
Notice the clues obtained from teachers and reading materials. Instructions in the reading materials can be titles, bold, italics, images, graphs, and diagrams. Several books contain chapters describing important topics. Look at the section and chapter summaries. Note the conclusion of the author or the teacher.

Also, note the physical guidelines from the teacher. Each teacher has a unique style, we can capture the important points by becoming familiar with that style. Turn the antenna to facial expressions, gestures, body movements and when teachers go up or down vote. Notice when he repeated an idea or words, and full attention to what he wrote on the blackboard. Make sure to always sit in the front - would be easier to capture such an important clue.

Participate
If you do not understand something or have questions about it, ask! Join in the discussion. Some people hold back, worrying about other people's thoughts. The survey shows that people in the audience usually participate. Anyway the worst thing to what other people think - that we are selfish because they want to get new knowledge?

Preview
If we knew what would be discussed by the teacher, a preview of the material and seek information as possible about the material before. Having some knowledge will help us to identify critical points in the learning process.

So, What’s else made children can write effectively?

ThE EffEct oF FacEbOOk

After booming the hot-chase Nova-Ari whom admit love each other then declare their relationship by showing they have sex before married in facebook. So.. Facebook is become more attention by the negative side. Within connector social website whom famous namely Facebook. Nova-Ari meet in real world and then continuous with dating.

Not only Nova-Ari chase.. There is a chase about disappeared a girl age 20th from Bantul Jogjakarta. And another chase is female from Jambi that is a student of university in Semarang. Until now, no one knows where is that girl had been gone. Just a little information that the last time shown with her boyfriend from Brebes… Same story, they are first meet in Facebook…

Oh ya… there is another chase again. There are 4 students had got suspension from their school because they are humiliation one of their teacher. Guest what… They do it in Facebook…

Bro and sist… New fact line for today are…
The negative side of facebook need more attention of all. Hoping that all chases above doesn’t happen to us. No way!!!
This fact also need to make sure for all of us that the technology still have positive side and negative side. We have to protect our self for this reality. Beware….

ThE AnGLe

Somewhere….outhere….
There is hope and aim
Who can make you can look forward .. far…far away
When the night so hazy
And your love still frisky
Fly away beyond time and cavity

And then… in the half past night
You’re awake, realize to fire the candle
Going on to finish the dream
Dreaming for the true love

Keep moving on to walk in this road my dear
Disseminate goodness and stop barbarism
Even spine pricking the feet
Even gravel chopping the flat hand
Until you’re tired
Until you’re sweet
And until you’re bespattered with blood

But believe this…
You’re angel always smiling at you….

16 TENSES IN ENGLISH

16 TENSES IN ENGLISH

1. Simple Present Tense
S + V1 + O
Ex : I write a letter
She writes a letter

2. Simple Past Tense
S + V2 + O
Ex : I wrote a letter
She wrote a letter

3. Present Future Tense
S + will or shall + V1 + O
Ex : She will write a letter

4. Past Future Tense
S + would + V1 + O
Ex : She would write a letter

5. Present Prefect Tense
S + have or has + V3 + O
Ex : I have written a letter
She has written a letter

6. Past Prefect Tense
S + had + V3 + O
Ex : She had written a letter

7. Present Continuous Tense
S + was or were + V-ing + O
Ex : She is writing a letter

8. Past Continuous Tense
S + will or shall + V1 + O
Ex : She will write a letter

9. Present Prefect Continuous Tense
S + have or has + been + V-ing + O
Ex : I has been writing a letter
She have been writing a letter

10. Past Prefect Continuous Tense
S + had + been + V-ing + O
Ex : I had been writing a letter

11. Present Future Continuous Tense
S + will + be + V-ing + O
Ex : She will be writing a letter

12. Past Future Continuous Tense
S + would + be + V-ing + O
Ex : She would be writing a letter

13. Present Future Prefect Tense
S + will + have + been + V3 + O
Ex : She will have been written a letter

14. Past Future Prefect Tense
S + would + have + been + V3 + O
Ex : She would have been written a letter

15. Present Future Prefect Continuous Tense
S + will + have + been + V-ing + O
Ex : She will have been writing a letter

16. Past Future Prefect Continuous Tense
S + would + have + been + V-ing + O
Ex : She would have been writing a letter

Ok guys… hope its help U up…

tugas III

SURAT KELUHAN


Kasus Surat

1 Anda adalah kepala Human Resource Department sebuah perusahaan. Berhubung akan ada kunjungan mendadak dari tim pemeriksa keuangan, maka anda menginstruksikan kepada seluruh staff untuk menghadiri rapat koordinasi. (nama perusahaan dan jadwal rapat boleh anda kreasikan sendiri)
Memo

2 Anda baru saja membeli 1 unit computer untuk kebutuhan kantor, ketika anda mencoba mengoperasikannya dan mencek kapasitas memory computer tersebut, ternyata tidak sesuai dengan spesifikasi seperti yang tertulis di buku manual/brosurnya. Anda merasa tidak puas dan menulis surat komplain kepada supplier. (Nama supplier dan alamat boleh anda kreasikan sendiri)
Letter of complaint

3 Di perusahaan anda ada seorang karyawan yang menunjukkan penampilan kerja yang tidak bagus. Anda sudah memberikan peringatan secara lisan sampai 2x tapi tidak ada perbaikan seperti yang anda harapkan. Akhirnya anda memutuskan menulis surat peringatan kepada yang bersangkutan. (Nama karyawan dan poin-poin kesalahan boleh anda kreasikan sendiri)
Warning letter.


Contoh surat keluhan

Complaint concerning damaged goods (Keluhan yang berkaitan dengan barang yang rusak)

The writer of this letter points out damage which was discovered after checking the consignment. Any suggestion that the damage to the goods is due to faulty packing is tactfully avoided.


Dear Sirs


OUR ORDER NUMBER R569


We ordered 160 compact discs on 3 January 2011 and they were delivered yesterday. I regret that 18 of them were badly scratched.


The package containing these goods appeared to be in perfect condition and I accepted and signed for it without question. It was on unpacking the compact discs the damage was discovered: I can only assume that this was due to careless handling at some stage prior to packing.


I am enclosing a list of the damaged goods and shall be glad if you will replace them. They have been kept aside in case you need them to support a claim on your suppliers for compensation.


Yours sincerely

Goodluck.

kasus mafia pajak

Kasus KKN yang terjadi seperti kasus mafia pajak oleh gayus tambunan yang menghancurkan jalan bisnis dan politik di Indonesia.
Gayus Halomoan P. Tambunan - profil sosok pegawai negri yang fenomenal ini sedang marak dibicarakan di media masa dan media elektronik saat ini, namanya muali dikenal saat pengumuman susno duaji menyangkut markus yang terjadi di tubuh polri, Gayus Tambunan merupakan salah satu naman yang disebut-sebut oleh mantan kabareskrm susno duaji ini, seperti halnya profil marzuki alie yang juga kontroversial karena kasus penutupan sindang paripurna yang katanya sepihak, akan tetapi si gayus ini sensasional karena kekayaanya,
Profil Gayus Halomoan P. Tambunan dimana dia sebagai pegawai negri sipil III-A, Gayus, sehari-hari cuma menjadi penelaah keberatan pajak (banding) perorangan dan badan hukum di Kantor Pusat Direktorat Pajak dengan Usianya baru 30 tahun. Tapi, dia bisa disebut salah satu pegawai negeri terkaya di Indonesia. Tabunganya Rp 25 miliar. Pekerjaan itulah yang membuat dia "sakti".
KKN di Indonesia sudah dapat dikatakan “lingkaran setan”. Dari mulai struktur pemerintahan di lini bawah sampai lini atas yang saling berhubungan merupakan celah untuk melakukan KKN.
Sebenarnya apanya yang salah, system pemerintahan atau sumber daya manusianya?
Aparat penegak hokum
Kepolisian
Saat namanya disebut oleh mantan Kepala Badan Reserse Kriminal Susno Duadji orang pun geger. Sepak terjangnya diduga terkait makelar kasus. Susno menyebutkan Gayus memiliki Rp 25 miliar di rekeningnya, namun hanya Rp 395 juta yang dijadikan pidana dan disita negara. Sisanya Rp 24,6 miliar menguap entah ke mana.
Susno menuduh ada empat petinggi Polri yang terlibat pencairan itu. Mereka adalah Brigadir Jenderal EI dan RE serta sejumlah perwira di Mabes Polri terlibat manipulasi pengusutan pajak. Menurut dia, barang bukti senilai hampir Rp 24,6 miliar dicairkan tanpa prosedur yang wajar. Direktur II Ekonomi Khusus Bareskrim Mabes Polri Brigadir Jenderal Raja Erizman membantah tudingan Susno. Menurut dia, pencairan itu sudah sah.
Kejaksaan
- Uang Rp 24,6 miliar itu juga disebut-sebut mengalir ke pengusaha Andi Kosasih. Dia adalah pengusaha terkenal di Batam. Dia terkenal sebagai pengusaha garmen dan kabarnya juga punya pelabuhan. Kawan-kawannya mengenal dia dekat dengan pemerintah setempat. Gayus, menurut jaksa yang mengadilinya, Cyrus Sinaga, bertemu dengan Andi Kosasih di pesawat. "Pada 2002 pernah satu pesawat dengan Gayus, kemudian berteman dan bersangkutan mengadakan perjanjian investasi pengelolaan ruko dalam wilayah DKI Jakarta," kata Andi.
- Keanehan lainnya, biasanya di Pengadilan Negeri Tangerang setiap Jumat tidak digelar persidangan pidana atau perdata, yang ada hanya sidang tilang. Vonis Gayus dijatuhkan pada hari Jumat.
- Keanehan ketiga, jaksa hanya menuntut Gayus dengan pasal penggelapan. Menurut Satuan Tugas, terdakwa diduga melakukan pencucian uang dan korupsi.
- Pada 22 Desember 2010, jaksa menuntut Gayus hukuman penjara 20 tahun dan membayar denda Rp 500 juta.
JPU menjerat Gayus dengan 4 dakwaan sekaligus atas dua perkara, yakni perkara mafia pajak terkait penanganan keberatan beberapa wajib pajak dan perkara mafia hukum terkait menyuap penyidik Polri, menyuap hakim, dan memberikan keterangan palsu.
Dalam kasus mafia pajak, Gayus didakwa bersama-sama dengan 4 orang atasannya di Ditjen Pajak, antara lain Humala SL Napitupulu dan Maruli Pandapotan Manurung, telah melakukan pidana korupsi terkait penanganan kasus dugaan korupsi dalam penanganan keberatan pajak PT Surya Alam Tunggal Sidoarjo (SAT).
Akibatnya PT SAT yang harusnya kena pajak, menjadi tidak kena pajak. Negara pun mengalami kerugian keuangan negara sebesar Rp 570.952.000. Gayus dijerat Pasal 2 ayat (1) jo Pasal 18 UU Tipikor jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP, serta Pasal 3 jo Pasal 18 UU Tipikor jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP.

Kehakiman
- Dalam kasus pajak ini Gayus dituntut kepolisian dengan tiga pasal, yakni pasal penggelapan, pencucian uang, dan korupsi. Nah, di sinilah "kesaktian" Gayus yang menurut Satuan Tugas Pemberantasan Mafia Hukum janggal. Dia persidangan dia hanya dituntut dengan pasal penggelapan. Hakim memvonisnya dengan hukuman 1 tahun percobaan. Belakangan dia dibebaskan. Satuan Tugas mencium tiga kejanggalan pengadilan Gayus. Pertama, soal ancaman hukuman, yang ternyata jauh lebih ringan dari ketentuan undang-undang. Dalam undang-undang disebutkan, pelaku tindak pidana pencucian uang mestinya dihukum paling sedikit 5 tahun penjara dan paling lama 15 tahun penjara dengan denda Rp 100 juta atau maksimal denda Rp 15 miliar. Majelis hakim hanya menghukum satu tahun percobaan. Artinya, Gayus bebas. Hebat bukan?
- Terdakwa kasus mafia pajak Gayus Tambunan dihukum 7 tahun penjara dan denda Rp 300 juta. Hukuman ini jauh lebih ringan dengan tuntutan jaksa yang 20 tahun dan denda Rp 500 juta.
“Menjatuhkan pidana oleh karena itu dengan pidana penjara selama 7 tahun dan denda Rp 300 juta rupiah,” ujar ketua majelis hakim Albertina Ho di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan, Jl Ampera Raya, Jakarta, Rabu (19/1/2011).
- Pada kasus mafia hukum, Gayus bersama-sama dengan Haposan Hutagalung didakwa telah menyuap penyidik Polri yang salah satunya adalah Kompol Arafat Enanie. Kemudian Gayus juga didakwa telah menyuap hakim Muhtadi Asnun agar membebaskan dirinya dari jeratan hukum, dengan memberikan uang sebesar 40 ribu dollar AS.
- Terakhir, Gayus didakwa telah dengan sengaja memberi keterangan yang tidak benar untuk kepentingan penyidikan. Gayus disangka telah memberikan keterangan palsu kepada penyidik Bareskrim Polri tentang asal usul harta bendanya. Gayus dijerat Pasal 5 ayat (1) huruf a UU Tipikor jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP atau Pasal 13 UU Tipikor jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP, kemudian Pasal 6 ayat (1) huruf a UU Tipikor, serta Pasal 22 jo asal 28 UU Tipikor.